PSG has now secured the season-opening trophy on 14 separate times.
Paris Saint-Germain required a stoppage-time leveler followed by a successful penalty shootout to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup victory.
The European champions seemed to be sailing towards a comfortable triumph in the match featuring the Ligue 1 champions and the French Cup winners after the French winger found the net early on.
However, Marseille fired two times late to seize a surprise advantage. First, the English forward converted from the spot-kick, before the defender unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable twist of fortune, Goncalo Ramos grabbed a vital equaliser in the final moments to force the match into a deciding shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Lucas Chevalier then stood as the key figure, stopping crucial attempts from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and the young talent all converted with composure for PSG to seal a convincing penalty victory.
Now 14-time champions Paris Saint-Germain, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now lifted this competition for the twelfth time in the past 13 seasons.